What are Genital Warts (HPV)? Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
SkinChange.AI
Medical editorial team
Genital warts (condylomata acuminata) are one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. They are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and although they are often harmless, they can be psychologically distressing and in rare cases increase the risk of cancer.
In this article, we explain exactly what genital warts are, how HPV spreads, how to recognize symptoms, and what treatment options are available.
What are genital warts?
Genital warts, also called condylomata acuminata or venereal warts, are small, fleshy growths or bumps that appear on or around the genitals, anus and rarely in the mouth or throat. They are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).
HPV is an umbrella term for more than 200 related viruses, of which about 40 affect the genital area. HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for approximately 90% of all genital wart cases and are categorized as low-risk because they rarely cause cancer.
HPV and cancer risk
Although genital warts themselves are harmless, it is important to understand HPV's role in relation to cancer:
- High-risk HPV: HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer as well as cancer of the anus, penis, vagina and oropharynx.
- Regular screening: Women should follow recommended cervical cancer screening programs (Pap smear/HPV test).
- HPV vaccination: The vaccine protects against the most common cancer-causing HPV types and is recommended for both young girls and boys.
How does HPV spread?
HPV is primarily transmitted through:
- Vaginal intercourse
- Anal intercourse
- Oral sexual activities
- Close skin-to-skin contact in the genital area (not necessarily intercourse)
HPV can be transmitted even when an infected person has no visible warts. Condoms reduce the risk but do not provide full protection, as warts can occur on areas not covered.
Symptoms of genital warts
Genital warts often appear as:
- Small, flat, flesh-colored or grayish bumps
- Small, cauliflower-like growths (warts)
- Single or clusters of warts
- Itching, discomfort or slight bleeding
The incubation period (time from infection to visible warts) varies from weeks to months, and some people never develop visible warts despite HPV infection.
Treatment of genital warts
Although genital warts often disappear on their own over time, many choose to receive treatment for cosmetic reasons or to relieve symptoms. Treatment options include:
Topical treatment
- Imiquimod (Aldara): A cream that stimulates the immune system to fight HPV.
- Podophyllotoxin: Solution or cream that destroys wart tissue.
Procedures
- Cryotherapy: Freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen.
- Surgical removal: Removal with scissors or scalpel under local anesthesia.
- Laser treatment: Using laser light to destroy the warts.
Frequently asked questions
How is the diagnosis made?
Genital warts can usually be identified by visual examination. Your doctor may use a magnification instrument (colposcope) to examine the vagina and cervix.
How are genital warts prevented?
The best prevention is HPV vaccination (Gardasil 9), which protects against 9 HPV types. Consistent condom use also reduces the risk, but does not eliminate it entirely.
Can genital warts come back?
Yes, genital warts can come back because HPV cannot be cured, only treated. The virus can remain in the body in a latent form.
Get a diagnosis within 48 hours
If you suspect genital warts or HPV, you can get a personal assessment from a certified doctor via SKIND — discreetly and without a waiting list.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a doctor for personal guidance and assessment.